Cancer, one of the most prevalent and complex diseases in the world, has plagued humanity for centuries. Since its discovery in ancient times, and its earliest mentions in ancient Egyptian medical texts, understanding cancer and its treatment has evolved significantly.
In this blog, we will explore the history and introduction to cancer, what is cancer, its evolution over the years, the remarkable technological advancements in cancer detection, and provide effective practices to minimise the risk of developing this disease.
What is Cancer?
Cancer is a condition where specific body cells experience uncontrolled growth and spread to other areas of the body. This uncontrolled division of abnormal cells can damage the body’s healthy tissues.
Cancer can originate in any body part, such as the lungs, breasts, colon, or skin. Some examples of common cancer types include, breast cancer, lung cancer, skin cancer, brain cancer, leukaemia, etc.
When was cancer discovered?
Although the term “cancer” was not used, the earliest known description of the disease comes from the Edwin Smith Papyrus, a copy of an ancient Egyptian textbook on trauma surgery dating back to around 3000 BCE. The evidence of cancer was discovered in fossilised bone tumours found in human mummies from ancient Egypt.
The term “cancer” was coined by the Greek physician Hippocrates (460–370 BC), who named the disease.
Evolution of Cancer Over the Years
Over the years, extensive research has transformed our understanding of cancer. From uncovering the complex mechanisms underlying its development to elucidating the role of genetic and environmental factors, scientists have made significant progress. This knowledge has fueled the innovation of various treatment modalities, including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapies, leading to the evolution of cancer research and therapy over the years.
1. Surgery
The field of cancer surgery saw significant advancements in the 19th and early 20th centuries, fueled by the development of anaesthesia. Renowned pioneers such as Bilroth in Germany, Handley in London, and Halsted in Baltimore played pivotal roles in advancing cancer surgery and establishing it as a prominent treatment option for patients.
2. Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy for cancer treatment was founded in the late 19th century by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen’s discovery of X-rays in 1895. The first successful cancer treatment using radiation therapy occurred in 1896, when Emil Grubbe used X-rays to treat a patient with breast cancer.
3. Chemotherapy
In the early 1900s, chemotherapy was introduced, but its original intention was not focused on treating cancer. In 1949, the FDA approved nitrogen mustard (mechlorethamine) to be used as a treatment for cancer. This approval was a significant step forward in the development of chemotherapy as an effective approach to fighting cancer.
4. Immunotherapy
In 1891, William Coley, known as the father of immunotherapy, made a significant breakthrough in cancer treatment by exploring the potential of using the immune system to combat cancer. In recent years, breakthroughs were made in immunotherapy, including the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab.
5. Targeted therapy
Targeted therapy, which focuses on specific molecular targets in cancer cells, was first proposed by Judah Folkman in the early 1970s. The first targeted cancer therapy was Tamoxifen, approved in the 1970s.
Technological Advancement and Detection in Cancer Treatment
Technological advancements and innovative cancer detection techniques have revolutionised cancer diagnosis.
Imaging techniques, such as X-rays, computed tomography scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET), provide detailed anatomical and functional information about tumours. Endoscopy allows direct visualisation of internal organs, facilitating cancer early detection. Other developments that may shape cancer care’s future include robotic surgery, fluid biopsy, artificial intelligence-based therapy design, etc.
While considerable progress has been made in cancer treatment, a definitive cure remains a complex challenge. However, researchers worldwide continue to explore promising cures to fight cancer.
What are undetectable cancers?
Undetectable cancers, also known as silent cancers, refer to cancers that do not cause any noticeable symptoms and are typically not detected until they have reached an advanced stage or have spread to other parts of the body.
Some common silent cancers include breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, and lung cancer.
Conclusion
From ancient Egypt to cutting-edge medical technologies, cancer research has come a long way. Through relentless efforts and technological advancements, we have made significant progress in understanding, detecting, and treating cancer. The commitment to raising awareness, prioritising prevention, and striving for early detection provides hope for a future with a reduced cancer burden.